Friday, October 21, 2011

Ultrasonic sensors in road and tunnel construction

During the construction of major highway and railway projects, particularly in tunnel construction, huge quantities of excavation occur. When the mining takes years, it is worth to use giant conveyor belt systems. Such installations may be several kilometers long and have a capacity of more than 1000 tons/hour. These belts are of course fully automated. This creates the risk that the excavation blocks the hopper at the transfer points from one band to another.

For permanent monitoring of the transfer stations robust ultrasonic sensors are used. They look down into the hopper and report if the level exceeds a certain value. The plant will then be slowed or stopped accordingly. Suitable ultrasonic sensors from Waycon Positionsmesstechnik are those of the UN series. The outstanding feature of the UN series is its high acoustic power combined with small sensor size. This is achieved with new optimized SONARANGE transducers, working at high electrical voltages. Thus also small, moving and poorly reflecting objects can be safely detected. Moreover the sensors work also under high contamination. With a length of <40mm the UN sensors are the most compact ultrasonic sensors for such high measuring ranges.

Friday, October 14, 2011

Langzeitversuche mit Ultraschallsensoren

Ultraschallsensoren werden dank ihres vorteilhaften physikalischen Prinzips häufig dann eingesetzt, wenn zum Beispiel optische Sensoren wegen starker Verschmutzung oder rauem Umfeld nicht mehr zuverlässig funktionieren. Umso mehr ist darauf zu achten, dass die Sensoren auch von der Elektronik und Mechanik her auf Robustheit und lange Lebensdauer ausgelegt sind.
Die Geräte sind ununterbrochen eingeschaltet und  werden periodisch ausgemessen. Mittlerweile sind bei einigen Sensoren 65’000 Stunden aufgelaufen, und sie messen noch wie am ersten Tag. Neben den Elektronikkomponenten ist der Schallwandler das heikelste Teil. Er stellt eine akustische Membrane dar, die ca. 30mal pro Sekunde elektromechanisch angeregt wird. Die Amplitude im Zentrum wurde als ein paar wenige Mikrometer gemessen und die Sendedauer für einen Puls beträgt ca. 0.1 Millisekunden. Bei einer typischen Ultraschallfrequenz von 200kHz ergibt sich damit eine während dem Langzeitversuch aufgelaufende Anzahl Membranschwingungen von etwa 1011. Das sind 100 Milliarden Schwingungen. Die Membrane, von der man nicht wahrnimmt, dass sie sich bewegt, hat sich in der Zeit gut 200km hin und 200km zurück bewegt.
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Ultrasonic sensors are often used thanks to their advantageous physical principle when, for example, optical sensors do not work properly due to heavy dirt or rough environment. All the more it is important that the sensors electronics and mechanics are tuned for ruggedness and long service life.
The devices are permanently turned on and they are checked periodically. Meanwhile, some of the sensors have accumulated 65’000 hours, and they measure the same as on the first day. Besides the electronic components, the ultrasonic transducer is the most critical part. It represents an acoustic diaphragm which is electromechanically excited approx. 30 times per second. The amplitude in the center was measured as a few micrometers. And the transmission duration of one pulse is about 0.1 milliseconds. Thus with a typical ultrasonic frequency of 200kHz the accumulated number of membrane oscillations during the whole endurance test is around 1011. That’s 100 billion oscillations. The membrane, of which one does not perceive that it is moving, has passed 200km forth and to 200km back in this time.